Articles | Volume 4, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-567-2016
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-567-2016
Research article
 | 
26 Jul 2016
Research article |  | 26 Jul 2016

Morphological properties of tunnel valleys of the southern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and implications for their formation

Stephen J. Livingstone and Chris D. Clark

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AR by Stephen Livingstone on behalf of the Authors (06 Jun 2016)  Author's response   Manuscript 
ED: Publish as is (07 Jul 2016) by Jane Willenbring
ED: Publish as is (08 Jul 2016) by Douglas Jerolmack (Editor)
AR by Stephen Livingstone on behalf of the Authors (08 Jul 2016)
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Short summary
We mapped and analysed nearly 2000 large valleys that were formed by meltwater flowing under a former ice sheet. Our results demonstrate that valleys tend to cluster together in distinctive networks. The valleys themselves are typically < 20 km long, and 0.5–3 km wide, and their morphology is strongly influenced by local bed conditions (e.g. topography) and hydrology. We suggest valleys formed gradually, with secondary contributions from flood drainage of water stored on top of or under the ice.