Articles | Volume 6, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-101-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-101-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Optimising 4-D surface change detection: an approach for capturing rockfall magnitude–frequency
Jack G. Williams
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South
Road, Durham, UK
Nick J. Rosser
Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South
Road, Durham, UK
Richard J. Hardy
Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South
Road, Durham, UK
Matthew J. Brain
Department of Geography, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South
Road, Durham, UK
Ashraf A. Afana
National Trust, Kemble Drive, Swindon, UK
Related authors
Veit Ulrich, Jack G. Williams, Vivien Zahs, Katharina Anders, Stefan Hecht, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we use 3D point clouds to detect topographic changes across the surface of a rock glacier. These changes are presented as the relative contribution of surface change during a 3-week period to the annual surface change. By comparing these different time periods and looking at change in different directions, we provide estimates showing that different directions of surface change are dominant at different times of the year. This demonstrates the benefit of frequent monitoring.
Jack G. Williams, Nick J. Rosser, Mark E. Kincey, Jessica Benjamin, Katie J. Oven, Alexander L. Densmore, David G. Milledge, Tom R. Robinson, Colm A. Jordan, and Tom A. Dijkstra
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 185–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-185-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-185-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
There is currently no protocol for rapid humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and useful to compile immediately after a triggering event. Drawing on the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Nepal), we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated.
Tom R. Robinson, Nicholas J. Rosser, Alexander L. Densmore, Jack G. Williams, Mark E. Kincey, Jessica Benjamin, and Heather J. A. Bell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1521–1540, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1521-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1521-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Current methods to identify landslides after an earthquake are too slow to effectively inform emergency response operations. This study presents an empirical approach for modelling the spatial pattern and landslide density within hours to days of the earthquake. The approach uses small initial samples of landslides to identify locations where as yet unidentified landslides may have occurred. The model requires just 200 initial landslides, provided they have sufficiently wide spatial coverage.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Sihan Li, Katherine Arrell, Jeevan Baniya, Dipak Basnet, Gopi K. Basyal, Nyima Dorjee Bhotia, Alexander L. Densmore, Tek Bahadur Dong, Alexandre Dunant, Erin L. Harvey, Ganesh K. Jimee, Mark E. Kincey, Katie Oven, Sarmila Paudyal, Dammar Singh Pujara, Anuradha Puri, Ram Shrestha, Nick J. Rosser, and Simon J. Dadson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-397, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-397, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on understanding soil moisture, a key factor for evaluating hillslope stability and landsliding. In Nepal, where landslides are common, we used a computer model to better understand how rapidly soil dries out after the monsoon season. We calibrated the model using field data and found that, by adjusting soil properties, we could predict moisture levels more accurately. This helps understand where landslides might occur, even where direct measurements are not possible.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Alexandre Dunant, Amy L. Johnson, Erin L. Harvey, Sihan Li, Katherine Arrell, Jeevan Baniya, Dipak Basnet, Gopi K. Basyal, Nyima Dorjee Bhotia, Simon J. Dadson, Alexander L. Densmore, Tek Bahadur Dong, Mark E. Kincey, Katie Oven, Anuradha Puri, and Nick J. Rosser
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-40, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-40, 2024
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Mapping exposure to landslides is necessary to mitigate risk and reduce vulnerability. In this study, we show that there is a poor correlation between building damage and deaths from landslides- such that the deadliest landslides do not always destroy the most buildings and vice versa. This has important implications for our management on landslide risk.
Solomon Hailu Gebrechorkos, Julian Leyland, Simon J. Dadson, Sagy Cohen, Louise Slater, Michel Wortmann, Philip J. Ashworth, Georgina L. Bennett, Richard Boothroyd, Hannah Cloke, Pauline Delorme, Helen Griffith, Richard Hardy, Laurence Hawker, Stuart McLelland, Jeffrey Neal, Andrew Nicholas, Andrew J. Tatem, Ellie Vahidi, Yinxue Liu, Justin Sheffield, Daniel R. Parsons, and Stephen E. Darby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-251, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-251, 2023
Revised manuscript under review for HESS
Short summary
Short summary
Our global precipitation data evaluation for hydrological modelling revealed variations in dataset accuracy. The Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation version 2.80 (MSWEP) followed by ERA5 performed well in some areas but had limitations in others. This informs dataset choice for river discharge modelling and highlights the need for improved global precipitation data quality, especially for daily and extreme values.
Veit Ulrich, Jack G. Williams, Vivien Zahs, Katharina Anders, Stefan Hecht, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we use 3D point clouds to detect topographic changes across the surface of a rock glacier. These changes are presented as the relative contribution of surface change during a 3-week period to the annual surface change. By comparing these different time periods and looking at change in different directions, we provide estimates showing that different directions of surface change are dominant at different times of the year. This demonstrates the benefit of frequent monitoring.
David G. Milledge, Alexander L. Densmore, Dino Bellugi, Nick J. Rosser, Jack Watt, Gen Li, and Katie J. Oven
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 837–856, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-837-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-837-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Mitigating landslide risk requires information on landslide hazards on a suitable scale to inform decisions. We develop simple rules to identify landslide hazards and the probability of being hit by a landslide, then test their performance using six existing landslide inventories from recent earthquakes. We find that the best rules are "minimize your maximum look angle to the skyline" and "avoid steep (> 10˚) channels with many steep (> 40˚) areas that are upslope".
Jack G. Williams, Nick J. Rosser, Mark E. Kincey, Jessica Benjamin, Katie J. Oven, Alexander L. Densmore, David G. Milledge, Tom R. Robinson, Colm A. Jordan, and Tom A. Dijkstra
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 185–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-185-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-185-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
There is currently no protocol for rapid humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and useful to compile immediately after a triggering event. Drawing on the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Nepal), we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated.
Tom R. Robinson, Nicholas J. Rosser, Alexander L. Densmore, Jack G. Williams, Mark E. Kincey, Jessica Benjamin, and Heather J. A. Bell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1521–1540, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1521-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1521-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Current methods to identify landslides after an earthquake are too slow to effectively inform emergency response operations. This study presents an empirical approach for modelling the spatial pattern and landslide density within hours to days of the earthquake. The approach uses small initial samples of landslides to identify locations where as yet unidentified landslides may have occurred. The model requires just 200 initial landslides, provided they have sufficiently wide spatial coverage.
Robert N. Parker, Nicholas J. Rosser, and Tristram C. Hales
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2017-193, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2017-193, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
In mountainous regions, large earthquakes often trigger widespread and destructive landslides. Understanding and predicting where these landslides occur is important for assessing hazards, as well as investigating their impact on the physical landscape. Based on correlations between landslides and different landscape and earthquake characteristics in nine past earthquakes, we developed a generalised algorithm for predicting and mapping the probability of earthquake-triggered landslides.
R. N. Parker, G. T. Hancox, D. N. Petley, C. I. Massey, A. L. Densmore, and N. J. Rosser
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 501–525, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-501-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-501-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Large earthquakes commonly trigger widespread and destructive landsliding. This paper tests the hypothesis that spatial distributions of earthquake-induced landslides are determined by both the conditions at the time of the triggering earthquake and the legacy of past events. Our findings emphasise that a lack of understanding of the legacy of damage in hillslopes potentially represents an important source of uncertainty when assessing regional landslide susceptibility.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 2: Suspended sediment dynamics
Geomorphological and hydrological controls on sediment export in earthquake-affected catchments in the Nepal Himalaya
Optimization of passive acoustic bedload monitoring in rivers by signal inversion
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 2: Probabilistic analysis
Field monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows at Ohya landslide scar, Japan
Analysis of autogenic bifurcation processes resulting in river avulsion
Bedload transport fluctuations, flow conditions, and disequilibrium ratio at the Swiss Erlenbach stream: results from 27 years of high-resolution temporal measurements
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 1: convolutional-neural-network-based semantic segmentation for water detection
Coexistence of two dune scales in a lowland river
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Alpine hillslope failure in the western US: insights from the Chaos Canyon landslide, Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Using repeat UAV-based laser scanning and multispectral imagery to explore eco-geomorphic feedbacks along a river corridor
Numerical modelling of the evolution of a river reach with a complex morphology to help define future sustainable restoration decisions
Method to evaluate large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation associated with sediment erosion and deposition
Effects of seasonal variations in vegetation and precipitation on catchment erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient: insights from numerical modeling
On the use of convolutional deep learning to predict shoreline change
Riverine Sediment Response to Deforestation in the Amazon Basin
On the use of packing models for the prediction of fluvial sediment porosity
Automated riverbed composition analysis using deep learning on underwater images
Marsh-induced backwater: the influence of non-fluvial sedimentation on a delta's channel morphology and kinematics
Spatial and temporal variations in rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be in medial moraines at five valley glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla, Switzerland
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Building a bimodal landscape: bedrock lithology and bed thickness controls on the morphology of Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Geotechnical controls on erodibility in fluvial impact erosion
Linear-stability analysis of plane beds under flows with suspended loads
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff generation, evolution, and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model
Sediment source and sink identification using Sentinel-2 and a small network of turbidimeters on the Vjosa River
Spatiotemporal bedload transport patterns over two-dimensional bedforms
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Ice-buttressing-controlled rock slope failure on a cirque headwall, Lake District, UK
The probabilistic nature of dune collisions in 2D
Shape still matters: rockfall interactions with trees and deadwood in a mountain forest uncover a new facet of rock shape dependency
Earthquake contributions to coastal cliff retreat
Morphologic and morphometric differences between gullies formed in different substrates on Mars: new insights into the gully formation processes
Testing the sensitivity of the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model to grid cell size
Development of a machine learning model for river bed load
Modeling the spatially distributed nature of subglacial sediment transport and erosion
Confinement width and inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio control the morphology and braiding intensity of submarine channels: insights from physical experiments and reduced-complexity models
Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Davide Tognin, Andrea D'Alpaos, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 201–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of sediment transport processes is necessary to understand the fate of shallow tidal environments. Here we present a framework for the description of suspended sediment dynamics to quantify deposition in the long-term modelling of shallow tidal systems. This characterization, together with that of erosion events, allows one to set up synthetic, yet reliable, models for the long-term evolution of tidal landscapes.
Emma L. S. Graf, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Boris Gailleton, Basanta Raj Adhikari, and Bishnu Raj Baral
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 135–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite images, we show that, unlike other examples of earthquake-affected rivers, the rivers of central Nepal experienced little increase in sedimentation following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Instead, a catastrophic flood occurred in 2021 that buried towns and agricultural land under up to 10 m of sediment. We show that intense storms remobilised glacial sediment from high elevations causing much a greater impact than flushing of earthquake-induced landslides.
Mohamad Nasr, Adele Johannot, Thomas Geay, Sebastien Zanker, Jules Le Guern, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrophones are used to monitor sediment transport in the river by listening to the acoustic noise generated by particle impacts on the riverbed. However, this acoustic noise is modified by the river flow and can cause misleading information about sediment transport. This article proposes a model that corrects the measured acoustic signal. Testing the model showed that the corrected signal is better correlated with bedload flux in the river.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a detailed characterization of the frequency, intensity and duration of flooding events at a site along the Texas coast. Our analysis demonstrates the suitability of relatively simple wave run-up models to estimate the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. Our results validate and expand a probabilistic model of coastal flooding driven by wave run-up that can then be used in coastal risk management in response to sea level rise.
Shunsuke Oya, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Shoki Takayama
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows was performed at Ohya landslide scar, central Japan. The pore water pressure in some partly saturated flows greatly exceeded the hydrostatic pressure. The depth gradient of the pore water pressure in the lower part of the flow was generally higher than the upper part of the flow. We conclude that excess pore water pressure is present in many debris flow surges and is an important mechanism in debris flow behavior.
Gabriele Barile, Marco Redolfi, and Marco Tubino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River bifurcations often show the closure of one branch (avulsion), whose causes are still poorly understood. Our model shows that when one branch stops transporting sediments, the other considerably erodes and captures much more flow, resulting in a self-sustaining process. This phenomenon intensifies when increasing the length of the branches, eventually leading to branch closure. This work may help to understand when avulsions occur and thus to design sustainable river restoration projects.
Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 11–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field measurements of the bedload flux with a high temporal resolution in a steep mountain stream were used to analyse the transport fluctuations as a function of the flow conditions. The disequilibrium ratio, a proxy for the solid particle concentration in the flow, was found to influence the sediment transport behaviour, and above-average disequilibrium conditions – associated with a larger sediment availability on the streambed – substantially affect subsequent transport conditions.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding can cause significant damage to coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities and is expected to increase in frequency with the acceleration of sea level rise. In order to respond to it, it is crucial to measure and model their frequency and intensity. Here, we show deep-learning techniques can be successfully used to automatically detect flooding events from complex coastal imagery, opening the way to real-time monitoring and data acquisition for model development.
Judith Y. Zomer, Bart Vermeulen, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary bedforms that are superimposed on large, primary dunes likely play a large role in fluvial systems. This study demonstrates that they can be omnipresent. Especially during peak flows, they grow large and can have steep slopes, likely affecting flood risk and sediment transport dynamics. Primary dune morphology determines whether they continuously or intermittently migrate. During discharge peaks, the secondary bedforms can become the dominant dune scale.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2190, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this manuscript, we propose a methodology to generate risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This methodology uses concepts from probability theory to learn the parameter values of the river migration model from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that don't explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Christopher Tomsett and Julian Leyland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation influences how rivers change through time, yet the way in which we analyse vegetation is limited. Current methods collect detailed data at the individual plant level or determine dominant vegetation types across larger areas. Herein, we use UAVs to collect detailed vegetation datasets for a 1 km length of river and link vegetation properties to channel evolution occurring within the study site, providing a new method for investigating the influence of vegetation on river systems.
Rabab Yassine, Ludovic Cassan, Hélène Roux, Olivier Frysou, and François Pérès
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1199–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting river morphology evolution is very complicated, especially for mountain rivers with complex morphologies such as the Lac des Gaves reach in France. A 2D hydromorphological model was developed to reproduce the channel's evolution and provide reliable volumetric predictions while revealing the challenge of choosing adapted sediment transport and friction laws. Our model can provide decision-makers with reliable predictions to design suitable restoration measures for this reach.
Daisuke Harada and Shinji Egashira
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1183–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method for describing large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation and the storage equation, which are associated with active sediment erosion and deposition. Compared to the existing Lagrangian method, the proposed method can easily simulate the behavior of large wood in the flow field with active sediment transport. The method is applied to the flood disaster in the Akatani River in 2017, and the 2-D flood flow computations are successfully performed.
Hemanti Sharma and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1161–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonality in precipitation (P) and vegetation (V) influences catchment erosion (E), although which factor plays the dominant role is unclear. In this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of E to P–V seasonality through numerical modeling. Our results suggest that P variations strongly influence seasonal variations in E, while the effect of seasonal V variations is secondary but significant. This is more pronounced in moderate and least pronounced in extreme environmental settings.
Eduardo Gomez-de la Peña, Giovanni Coco, Colin Whittaker, and Jennifer Montaño
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1145–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how shorelines change over time is a major challenge in coastal research. We here have turned to deep learning (DL), a data-driven modelling approach, to predict the movement of shorelines using observations from a camera system in New Zealand. The DL models here implemented succeeded in capturing the variability and distribution of the observed shoreline data. Overall, these findings indicate that DL has the potential to enhance the accuracy of current shoreline change predictions.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John Robert Gardner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2271, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates Amazon deforestation's profound impact on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand human activities' consequences for our planet's future.
Christoph Rettinger, Mina Tabesh, Ulrich Rüde, Stefan Vollmer, and Roy M. Frings
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Packing models promise efficient and accurate porosity predictions of fluvial sediment deposits. In this study, three packing models were reviewed, calibrated, and validated. Only two of the models were able to handle the continuous and large grain size distributions typically encountered in rivers. We showed that an extension by a cohesion model is necessary and developed guidelines for successful predictions in different rivers.
Alexander A. Ermilov, Gergely Benkő, and Sándor Baranya
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1061–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A novel, artificial-intelligence-based riverbed sediment analysis methodology is introduced that uses underwater images to identify the characteristic sediment classes. The main novelties of the procedure are as follows: underwater images are used, the method enables continuous mapping of the riverbed along the measurement vessel’s route contrary to conventional techniques, the method is cost-efficient, and the method works without scaling.
Kelly M. Sanks, John B. Shaw, Samuel M. Zapp, José Silvestre, Ripul Dutt, and Kyle M. Straub
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1035–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
River deltas encompass many depositional environments (like channels and wetlands) that interact to produce coastal environments that change through time. The processes leading to sedimentation in wetlands are often neglected from physical delta models. We show that wetland sedimentation constrains flow to the channels, changes sedimentation rates, and produces channels more akin to field-scale deltas. These results have implications for the management of these vulnerable coastal landscapes.
Katharina Wetterauer and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1013–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glacial landscapes, debris supply rates vary spatially and temporally. Rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in medial moraine debris at five Swiss glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla indicate an increase in erosion from the end of the Little Ice Age towards deglaciation but temporally more stable rates over the last ∼100 years. Rockwall erosion rates are higher where rockwalls are steep and north-facing, suggesting a potential slope and temperature control.
Jacob Hardt, Tim Dooley, and Michael Hudec
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2104, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2104, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability. We investigate into the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load.
Sam Anderson, Nicole Gasparini, and Joel Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured rock strength and amount of fracturing in the two different rock types, sandstones and carbonates, in Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Where there is more carbonate bedrock, hills and channels steepen in Last Chance Canyon. This is because the carbonate-type bedrock tends to be more thickly bedded, is less fractured, and is stronger. The carbonate bedrock produces larger boulders than the sandstone bedrock, which can protect the more fractured sandstone bedrock from erosion.
Jens M. Turowski, Gunnar Pruß, Anne Voigtländer, Andreas Ludwig, Angela Landgraf, Florian Kober, and Audrey Bonnelye
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can cut into rocks, and their strength modulates the river's erosion rates. Yet, which properties of the rock control its response to erosive action is poorly understood. Here, we describe parallel experiments to measure rock erosion rates under fluvial impact erosion and the rock's geotechnical properties such as fracture strength, elasticity, and density. Erosion rates vary over a factor of a million between different rock types. We use the data to improve current theory.
Koji Ohata, Hajime Naruse, and Norihiro Izumi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 961–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of sediment transport modes on the formation of bedforms using theoretical analysis. The results of the theoretical analysis were verified with published data of plane beds obtained by fieldwork and laboratory experiments. We found that suspended sand particles can promote the formation of plane beds on a fine-grained bed, which suggests that the presence of suspended particles suppresses the development of dunes under submarine sediment-laden gravity currents.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1913, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 31.4 % of streams are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Matan Ben-Asher, Florence Magnin, Sebastian Westermann, Josué Bock, Emmanuel Malet, Johan Berthet, Ludovic Ravanel, and Philip Deline
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 899–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantitative knowledge of water availability on high mountain rock slopes is very limited. We use a numerical model and field measurements to estimate the water balance at a steep rock wall site. We show that snowmelt is the main source of water at elevations >3600 m and that snowpack hydrology and sublimation are key factors. The new information presented here can be used to improve the understanding of thermal, hydrogeological, and mechanical processes on steep mountain rock slopes.
Jessica Droujko, Srividya Hariharan Sudha, Gabriel Singer, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 881–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined data from satellite images with data measured from a kayak in order to understand the propagation of fine sediment in the Vjosa River. We were able to find some storm-activated and some permanent sources of sediment. We also estimated how much fine sediment is carried into the Adriatic Sea by the Vjosa River: approximately 2.5 Mt per year, which matches previous findings. With our work, we hope to show the potential of open-access satellite images.
Kate C. P. Leary, Leah Tevis, and Mark Schmeeckle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 835–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the importance of bedforms (e.g., ripples, dunes) to sediment transport, the details of sediment transport on a sub-bedform scale are poorly understood. This paper investigates sediment transport in the downstream and cross-stream directions over bedforms with straight crests. We find that the patterns of bedload transport are highly variable on the sub-bedform scale, which is important for our understanding of the evolution of bedforms with complex crest geometries.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1921, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1921, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains an unexplored aspect of landscape evolution. Using Digital Evolution Models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age, and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for volcano basin develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Paul A. Jarvis, Clement Narteau, Olivier Rozier, and Nathalie M. Vriend
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sand dune migration velocity is inversely proportional to dune size. Consequently, smaller, faster dunes can collide with larger, slower downstream dunes. Such collisions can result in either coalescence or ejection, whereby the dunes exchange mass but remain separate. Our numerical simulations show that the outcome depends probabilistically on the dune size ratio, which we describe through an empirical function. Our numerical predictions compare favourably against experimental observations.
Adrian Ringenbach, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, and Andrin Caviezel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 779–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Swiss researchers carried out repeated rockfall experiments with rocks up to human sizes in a steep mountain forest. This study focuses mainly on the effects of the rock shape and lying deadwood. In forested areas, cubic-shaped rocks showed a longer mean runout distance than platy-shaped rocks. Deadwood especially reduced the runouts of these cubic rocks. The findings enrich standard practices in modern rockfall hazard zoning assessments and strongly urge the incorporation of rock shape effects.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, and Chris Massey
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 757–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes can cause damaging coastal cliff retreat, but we have a limited understanding of how these infrequent events influence multidecadal retreat. This makes hazard planning a challenge. In this study, we use historic aerial images to measure coastal cliff-top retreat at a site in New Zealand. We find that earthquakes account for close to half of multidecadal retreat at this site, and our results have helped us to develop tools for estimating the influence of earthquakes at other sites.
Rishitosh K. Sinha, Dwijesh Ray, Tjalling De Haas, Susan J. Conway, and Axel Noblet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our detailed investigation of Martian gullies formed in different substrates in 29 craters distributed between 30°–75° S latitude suggests that they can be differentiated from one another in terms of (1) morphology and length of alcoves and (2) mean gradient of the gully fans. The comparison between the Melton ratio, alcove length, and fan gradient of Martian and terrestrial gullies suggests that Martian gullies were likely formed by terrestrial debris-flow-like processes in the past.
Christopher J. Skinner and Thomas J. Coulthard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models allow us to simulate the way the Earth's surface is shaped and help us to understand relevant processes, in turn helping us to manage landscapes better. The models typically represent the land surface using a grid of square cells of equal size, averaging heights in those squares. This study shows that the size chosen by the modeller for these grid cells is important, with larger sizes making sediment output events larger but less frequent.
Hossein Hosseiny, Claire C. Masteller, Jedidiah E. Dale, and Colin B. Phillips
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is of great importance to engineers and geomorphologists to predict the rate of bed load in rivers. In this contribution, we used a large dataset of measured data and developed an artificial neural network (ANN), a machine learning algorithm, for bed load prediction. The ANN model predicted the bed load flux close to measured values and better than the ones obtained from four standard bed load models with varying degrees of complexity.
Ian Delaney, Leif Anderson, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 663–680, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a two-dimensional subglacial sediment transport model that evolves a sediment layer in response to subglacial sediment transport conditions. The model captures sediment transport in supply- and transport-limited regimes across a glacier's bed and considers both the creation and transport of sediment. Model outputs show how the spatial distribution of sediment and water below a glacier can impact the glacier's discharge of sediment and erosion of bedrock.
Sam Y. J. Huang, Steven Y. J. Lai, Ajay B. Limaye, Brady Z. Foreman, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 615–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use experiments and a model to study the effects of confinement width and the inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio on the evolution of submarine braided channels. We find that confinement width controls most of the morphological changes. These trends are consistent for submarine braided channels both with and without confinement width effects and similar to fluvial braided rivers. Furthermore, we built a model that can simulate the flow bifurcation and confluence of submarine braided channels.
Gregory Ruetenik, Ken Ferrier, and Odin Marc
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1278, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1278, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial sediment fluxes increased dramatically in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot in 2009, which produced some of the heaviest landsliding on record. We analyzed fluvial discharge and suspended sediment concentration data at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan to quantify fluvial sediment responses since Morakot. In basins heavily impacted by landsliding, rating curve coefficients sharply increased during Morakot and then declined exponentially with a characteristic decay time of <10 years.
Cited articles
Abellán, A., Vilaplana, J. M., and Martínez, J.: Application of a long-range Terrestrial Laser Scanner to a detailed rockfall study at Vall de Núria (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain), Eng. Geol., 88, 136–148, 2006.
Abellán, A., Jaboyedoff, M., Oppikofer, T., and Vilaplana, J. M.: Detection of millimetric deformation using a terrestrial laser scanner: experiment and application to a rockfall event, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 365–372, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-365-2009, 2009.
Abellán, A., Calvet, J., Vilaplana, J. M., and Blanchard, J.: Detection and spatial prediction of rockfalls by means of terrestrial laser scanner monitoring, Geomorphology, 119, 162–171, 2010.
Abellán, A., Oppikofer, T., Jaboyedoff, M., Rosser, N. J., Lim, M., and Lato, M. J.: Terrestrial laser scanning of rock slope instabilities, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 80–97, 2014.
Bae, K. H., Belton, D., and Lichti, D.D.: A framework for position uncertainty of unorganised three-dimensional point clouds from near-monostatic laser scanners using covariance analysis, Int. Arch. Photogramm., 36, 7–12, 2005.
Bae, K. H., Belton, D., and Lichti, D. D.: A closed-form expression of the positional uncertainty for 3D point clouds, IEEE T. Pattern. Anal., 31, 577–590, 2009.
Barlow, J., Lim, M., Rosser, N., Petley, D., Brain, M., Norman, E., and Geer, M.: Modeling cliff erosion using negative power law scaling of rockfalls, Geomorphology, 139–140, 416–424, 2012.
Belton, D. and Lichti, D. D.: Classification and segmentation of terrestrial laser scanner point clouds using local variance information, Int. Arch. Photogramm., 36, 44–49, 2006.
Benjamin, J., Rosser, N. J., and Brain, M. J.: Rockfall detection and volumetric characterisation using LiDAR, in: Landslides and Engineered Slopes, Experience, Theory and Practice: Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Landslides, edited by: Aversa, S., Cascini, L., Picarelli, L., and Scavia, C., Napoli, Italy, 12–19 June 2016, CRC Press, The Netherlands, 389–395, 2016.
Besl, P. J. and Jain, R. C.: Segmentation through variable-order surface fitting, IEEE T. Pattern. Anal., 10, 167–192, 1988.
Besl, P. J. and McKay, N. D.: Method for registration of 3-D shapes, IEEE T. Pattern Anal., 14, 239–256, 1992.
Brodu, N. and Lague, D.: 3D terrestrial lidar data classification of complex natural scenes using a multi-scale dimensionality criterion: Applications in geomorphology, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 68, 121–134, 2012.
Carrea, D., Abellán, A., Derron, M. H., Gauvin, N., and Jaboyedoff, M.: Using 3D surface datasets to understand landslide evolution: from analogue models to real case study, in: Landslides and Engineered Slopes: Protecting Society through Improved Understanding, edited by: Eberhardt, E., Froese, C., and Turner, K., London: CRC Press, 575–579, 2012.
Carrivick, J. L., Smith, M. W., and Quincey, D. J. (Eds.): Structure from Motion in the Geoscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 2016.
Chen, Y. and Medioni, G.: Object modelling by registration of multiple range images, Image Vision Comput., 10, 145–155, 1992.
Clark, J. and Robson, S.: Accuracy of measurements made with a Cyrax 2500 laser scanner against surfaces of known colour, Surv. Rev., 37, 626–638, 2004.
Dussauge, C., Grasso, J. R., and Helmstetter, A.: Statistical analysis of rockfall volume distributions: Implications for rockfall dynamics, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 108, 2286–2296, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000650, 2003.
Dussauge-Peisser, C., Helmstetter, A., Grasso, J.-R., Hantz, D., Desvarreux, P., Jeannin, M., and Giraud, A.: Probabilistic approach to rock fall hazard assessment: potential of historical data analysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 2, 15–26, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2-15-2002, 2002.
Eitel, J. U., Höfle, B., Vierling, L. A., Abellán, A., Asner, G. P., Deems, J. S., Glennie, C. L., Joerg, P. C., LeWinter, A. L., Magney, T. S., and Mandlburger, G.: Beyond 3-D: The new spectrum of lidar applications for earth and ecological sciences, Remote Sens. Environ., 186, 372–392, 2016.
Elseberg, J., Borrmann, D., and Nüchter, A.: Efficient processing of large 3D point clouds, in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on Information, Communication and Automation Technologies (ICAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27–29 October 2011, 132–138, 2011.
Elseberg, J., Borrmann, D., and Nüchter, A.: One billion points in the cloud–an octree for efficient processing of 3D laser scans, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 76, 76–88, 2013.
Frisken, S. F. and Perry, R. N.: Simple and efficient traversal methods for quadtrees and octrees, J. Graphic. Tools, 7, 1–11, 2002.
Gintz, D., Hassan, M. A., and Schmidt, K. H.: Frequency and magnitude of bedload transport in a mountain river, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 21, 433–445, 1996.
Girardeau-Montaut, D., Roux, M., Marc, R., and Thibault, G.: Change detection on points cloud data acquired with a ground laser scanner, Int. Arch. Photogramm., 36, 30–35, 2005.
Guthrie, R. H. and Evans, S. G.: Magnitude and frequency of landslides triggered by a storm event, Loughborough Inlet, British Columbia, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 475–483, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-475-2004, 2004.
Guthrie, R. H. and Evans, S. G.: Work, persistence, and formative events: the geomorphic impact of landslides, Geomorphology, 88, 266–275, 2007.
Guzzetti, F., Malamud, B. D., Turcotte, D. L., and Reichenbach, P.: Power-law correlations of landslide areas in central Italy, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 195, 169–183, 2002.
Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., Cardinali, M., Galli, M., and Ardizzone, F.: Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale, Geomorphology, 72, 272–299, 2005.
Hartzell, P. J., Glennie, C. L., and Finnegan, D. C.: Empirical waveform decomposition and radiometric calibration of a terrestrial full-waveform laser scanner, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 53, 162–172, 2015.
Hodge, R., Brasington, J., and Richards, K.: In situ characterization of grain-scale fluvial morphology using Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 954–968, 2009.
Hooke, J. M.: Magnitude and distribution of rates of river bank erosion, Earth Surf. Proc. Land, 5, 143–157, 1980.
Hoppe, H., DeRose, T., Duchamp, T., McDonald, J., and Stuetzle, W.: Surface reconstruction from unorganized points, ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, 26, 71–78, 1992.
Hornung, A., Wurm, K. M., Bennewitz, M., Stachniss, C., and Burgard, W.: OctoMap: An efficient probabilistic 3D mapping framework based on octrees, Auton. Robot., 34, 189–206, 2013.
Hovius, N., Stark, C. P., and Allen, P. A.: Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping, Geology, 25, 231–234, 1997.
Hovius, N., Stark, C. P., Hao-Tsu, C., and Jiun-Chuan, L.: Supply and removal of sediment in a landslide-dominated mountain belt: Central Range, Taiwan, J. Geol., 108, 73–89, 2000.
Ioannou, Y., Taati, B., Harrap, R., and Greenspan, M.: Difference of normals as a multi-scale operator in unorganized point clouds, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on 3D Imaging, Modeling, Processing, Visualization and Transmission, Zurich, Switzerland, 13–15 October 2012, 501–508, 2012.
Jaboyedoff, M., Metzger, R., Oppikofer, T., Couture, R., Derron, M.H., Locat, J., and Turmel, D.: New insight techniques to analyze rock-slope relief using DEM and 3D-imaging cloud points: COLTOP-3D software, in: Rock Mechanics: Meeting Society's Challenges and Demands, edited by: Eberhardt, E., Stead, D., and Morrison, T., Proceedings of the 1st Canada-US Rock Mechanics Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, 27–31 May 2007, 61–68, 2007.
Jaboyedoff, M., Couture, R., and Locat, P.: Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain (Alberta) using digital elevation model: toward a progressive failure, Geomorphology, 103, 5–16, 2009.
Jahne, B. (Ed.): Computer vision and applications: a guide for students and practitioners, Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 679 pp., 2000.
Kaasalainen S., Kukko A., Lindroos T., Litkey P., Kaartinen H., Hyyppa J., and Ahokas E.: Brightness measurements and calibration with airborne and terrestrial laser scanners, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 46, 528–534, 2008.
Kaasalainen, S., Niittymaki, H., Krooks, A., Koch, K., Kaartinen, H., Vain, A., and Hyyppa, H.: Effect of target moisture on laser scanner intensity, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 48, 2128–2136, 2010.
Kromer, R. A., Hutchinson, D. J., Lato, M. J., Gauthier, D., and Edwards, T.: Identifying rock slope failure precursors using LiDAR for transportation corridor hazard management, Eng. Geol., 195, 93–103, 2015a.
Kromer, R. A., Abellán, A., Hutchinson, D. J., Lato, M., Edwards, T., and Jaboyedoff, M.: A 4D filtering and calibration technique for small-scale point cloud change detection with a terrestrial laser scanner, Remote Sens., 7, 13029–13052, 2015b.
Kromer, R. A., Abellán, A., Hutchinson, D. J., Lato, M., Chanut, M.-A., Dubios, L., and Jaboyedoff, M.: Automated Terrestrial Laser Scanning with Near Real-Time Change Detection – Monitoring of the Séchilienne Landslide, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 293–310, 2017.
Lague, D., Brodu, N., and Leroux, J.: Accurate 3D comparison of complex topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei canyon (NZ), ISPRS J. Photogramm., 82, 10–26, 2013.
Lalonde, J. F., Unnikrishnan, R., Vandapel, N., and Hebert, M.: Scale selection for classification of point-sampled 3D surfaces, in: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling, Ottowa, Canada, 13–16 June 2005, 285–292, 2005.
Li, G., West, A. J., Densmore, A. L., Hammond, D. E., Jin, Z., Zhang, F., Wang, J., and Hilton, R. G.: Connectivity of earthquake-triggered landslides with the fluvial network: Implications for landslide sediment transport after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 703–724, 2016.
Lichti, D. D. and Jamtsho, S.: Angular resolution of terrestrial laser scanners, Photogramm. Rec., 21, 141–160, 2006.
Lim, M., Rosser, N. J., Allison, R. J., and Petley, D. N.: Erosional processes in the hard rock coastal cliffs at Staithes, North Yorkshire, Geomorphology, 114, 12–21, 2010.
Lucieer, A., de Jong, S., and Turner, D.: Mapping landslide displacements using Structure from Motion (SfM) and image correlation of multi-temporal UAV photography, Prog. Phys. Geog., 38, 97–116, 2014.
Malamud, B. D., Turcotte, D. L., Guzzetti, F., and Reichenbach, P.: Landslides, earthquakes, and erosion, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 229, 45–59, 2004.
Milan, D. J., Heritage, G. L., and Hetherington, D.: Application of a 3D laser scanner in the assessment of erosion and deposition volumes and channel change in a proglacial river, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 1657–1674, 2007.
Miller, P. E.: A robust surface matching technique for coastal geohazard monitoring, PhD thesis, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK, 311 pp., 2007.
Mitra, N. J. and Nguyen, A.: Estimating surface normals in noisy point cloud data, in: Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, San Diego, California, 8–10 June 2003, 322–328, 2003.
Mitra, N. J., Gelfand, N., Pottmann, H., and Guibas, L.: Registration of point cloud data from a geometric optimization perspective, in: Proceedings of the 2004 Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing, Nice, France, 8–10 July 2004, 22–31, 2004.
Nash, D. B.: Effective sediment-transporting discharge from magnitude-frequency analysis, J. Geol., 102, 79–95, 1994.
Niethammer, U., Rothmund, S., Schwaderer, U., Zeman, J., and Joswig, M.: Open source image-processing tools for low-cost UAV-based landslide investigations, Int. Arch. Photogramm., 38, 161–166, 2011.
Olsen, M. J., Kuester, F., Chang, B. J., and Hutchinson, T. C.: Terrestrial laser scanning-based structural damage assessment, J. Comput. Civil Eng., 24, 264–272, 2009.
Pauly, M., Gross, M., and Kobbelt, L. P.: Efficient simplification of point-sampled surfaces, in: Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization (VIS '02), Boston, MA, 27 October–1 November, 163–170, 2002.
Pelletier, J. D., Malamud, B. D., Blodgett, T., and Turcotte, D. L.: Scale-invariance of soil moisture variability and its implications for the frequency-size distribution of landslides, Eng. Geol., 48, 255–268, 1997.
Pesci, A., Teza, G., and Ventura, G.: Remote sensing of volcanic terrains by terrestrial laser scanner: preliminary reflectance and RGB implications for studying Vesuvius crater (Italy), Ann. Geophys.-Italy, 51, 633–653, 2008.
Pesci, A., Teza, G., and Bonali, E.: Terrestrial laser scanner resolution: numerical simulations and experiments on spatial sampling optimization, Remote Sens., 3, 167–184, 2011.
Pottmann, H. and Hofer, M.: Geometry of the Squared Distance Function to Curves and Surfaces, in: Visualization and Mathematics III, Mathematics and Visualization, Springer, edited by: Hege, H. C. and Polthier, K., Berlin, 221–242, 2003.
Rabbani, T., Van Den Heuvel, F., and Vosselmann, G.: Segmentation of point clouds using smoothness constraint, Int. Arch. Photogramm., 36, 248–253, 2006.
Riquelme, A. J., Abellán, A., Tomás, R., and Jaboyedoff, M.: A new approach for semi-automatic rock mass joints recognition from 3D point clouds, Comput. Geosci., 68, 38–52, 2014.
Rohmer, J. and Dewez, T.: Analysing the spatial patterns of erosion scars using point process theory at the coastal chalk cliff of Mesnil-Val, Normandy, northern France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 349–362, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-349-2015, 2015.
Rosser, N. J., Petley, D. N., Lim, M., Dunning, S. A., and Allison, R. J.: Terrestrial laser scanning for monitoring the process of hard rock coastal cliff erosion, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydroge., 38, 363–375, 2005.
Rosser, N. J., Dunning, S. A., Lim, M., and Petley, D. N.: Terrestrial laser scanning for quantitative rockfall hazard assessment, in: Landslide Risk Management, A. T. Balkema, edited by: Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., Amsterdam, 2007.
Rosser, N. J., Brain, M. J., Petley, D. N., Lim, M., and Norman, E. C.: Coastline retreat via progressive failure of rocky coastal cliffs, Geology, 41, 939–942, 2013.
Royán, M. J., Abellán, A., and Vilaplana, J. M.: Progressive failure leading to the 3 December 2013 rockfall at Puigcercós scarp (Catalonia, Spain), Landslides, 12, 585–595, 2015.
Sadler, P. M.: Sediment accumulation rates and the completeness of stratigraphic sections, J. Geol., 89, 569–584, 1981.
Schürch, P., Densmore, A. L., Rosser, N. J., Lim, M., and McArdell, B. W.: Detection of surface change in complex topography using terrestrial laser scanning: application to the Illgraben debris-flow channel, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 36, 1847–1859, 2011.
Soudarissanane, S., Lindenbergh, R., Menenti, M., and Teunissen, P. J. G.: Scanning geometry: Influencing factor on the quality of terrestrial laser scanning points, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 66, 389–399, 2011.
Stark, C. P. and Hovius, N.: The characterization of landslide size distributions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1091–1094, 2001.
Stilla, U. and Jutzi, B.: Waveform analysis for small-footprint pulsed laser systems, in: Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning Principles and Processing, edited by: Shan, J. and Toth, C., CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, USA, 215–234, 2008.
Stock, G. M., Martel, S. J., Collins, B. D., and Harp, E. L.: Progressive failure of sheeted rock slopes: the 2009–2010 Rhombus Wall rock falls in Yosemite Valley, California, USA, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 37, 546–561, 2012.
Telling, J., Lyda, A., Hartzell, P., and Glennie, C.: Review of Earth science research using terrestrial laser scanning, Earth Sci. Rev., 169, 35–68, 2017.
Teza, G., Galgaro, A., Zaltron, N., and Genevois, R.: Terrestrial laser scanner to detect landslide displacement fields: a new approach, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 3425–3446, 2007.
Turcotte, D. L., Malamud, B. D., Guzzetti, F., and Reichenbach, P.: Self-organization, the cascade model, and natural hazards, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 99, 2530–2537, 2002.
Turner, D., Lucieer, A., and de Jong, S. M.: Time series analysis of landslide dynamics using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), Remote Sens., 7, 1736–1757, 2015.
van Veen, M., Hutchinson, D. J., Kromer, R., Lato, M., and Edwards, T.: Effects of sampling interval on the frequency-magnitude relationship of rockfalls detected from terrestrial laser scanning using semi-automated methods, Landslides, 14, 1579–1592, 2017.
Westoby, M. J., Brasington, J., Glasser, N. F., Hambrey, M. J., and Reynolds, J. M.: “Structure-fromMotion” photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications, Geomorphology, 179, 300–314, 2012.
Wheaton, J. M., Brasington, J., Darby, S. E., and Sear, D.A.: Accounting for uncertainty in DEMs from repeat topographic surveys: improved sediment budgets, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 35, 136–156, 2010.
Wilkinson, B. H.: Precipitation as meteoric sediment and scaling laws of bedrock incision: Assessing the Sadler effect, J. Geol., 123, 95–112, 2015.
Williams, J. G., Rosser, N. J., Afana, A., Hunter, G., and Hardy, R. J.: Can full-waveform technology enhance the use of terrestrial laser scanning to monitor rock slope deformation?, Proceedings of the 2013 Symposium on Slope Stability in Open Pit Mining and Civil Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, 25–27 September 2013, 763–774, 2013.
Wolman, M. G. and Gerson, R.: Relative scales of time and effectiveness of climate in watershed geomorphology, Earth Surf. Proc., 3, 189–208, 1978.
Wolman, M. G. and Miller, J. P.: Magnitude and frequency of forces in geomorphic processes, J. Geol., 68, 54–74, 1960.
Young, A. P., Guza, R. T., O'Reilly, W. C., Flick, R. E., and Gutierrez, R.: Short-term retreat statistics of a slowly eroding coastal cliff, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 205–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-205-2011, 2011.
Zhang, Z.: Iterative point matching for registration of free-form curves and surfaces, Int. J. Comput. Vision, 13, 119–152, 1994.
Short summary
We present a method to analyse surface change using 3-D data collected at hourly intervals. This is applied to 9000 surveys of a failing rock slope, acquired over 10 months. A higher proportion and frequency of small rockfall is observed than in less-frequent (e.g. monthly) monitoring. However, quantifying longer-term erosion rates may be more suited to less-frequent data collection, which contains lower accumulative errors due to the number of surveys and the lower proportion of small events.
We present a method to analyse surface change using 3-D data collected at hourly intervals. This...